[ˈiʎa]
1. personal pronoun, feminine singular She (subject), her (object, only after a preposition).
Etymology: From ill plus the feminine suffix -a.
2. feminine noun Island, isle.
Etymology: From Latin insula.
ill
[iʎ]
1. personal pronoun, masculine singular He (subject), him (object, only after a preposition).
Etymology: From Latin ille.
False friends: ill (English) = malhautòs.
se
[se]
1. personal pronoun, singular It is used in impersonal sentences (weather, existence, etc.) as a formal subject to compensate the lack of it. The corresponding verb is always conjugated in the third person of singular. Examples: se njeixe, it is snowing.
Spelling: Before words beginning with a vowel or h-, it turns into s’, with word ligature (both words are written together without intermediate spaces).
Etymology: From Latin se.
hawăre
[ˈawəɾe]
1. auxiliary verb To have (used in compound tenses). It is followed by a participle. Example: Mou marit hast -mi deixat, my husband has left me.
2. transitive verb To have (possession or ownership). Example: J’heh ũn’aut nou, I have a new car.
3. impersonal verb It expresses existence or presence. It is always conjugated in singular with the pronoun se. Example: S’hast moutas cosas qwe façre, there are many things to do.
Etymology: From Latin habere.
~ de
[ˈawəɾe de]
1. periphrastic verb It expresses an external obligation with respect to the speaker, like “to have to”. It is followed by an infinitive. Example: Tots hawèms de complăre as lleixas, everybody has to obey the laws.
gidre
[ˈgidɾe]
1. transitive verb To guide, to lead.
Etymology: From Frankish witan via French guider.
façre
[ˈfasre]
1. transitive verb To do, to make.
Etymology: From Latin facere.
esăre
[ˈesəɾe]
1. copulative verb To be (something you are).
2. intransitive verb To be (situation, place, time).
3. auxiliary verb To be (passive voice). It is followed by a participle. If present, the agent complement is headed by the preposition pur. Example: As chartas eseiren scriwatas pur ou soudat per sa fama, the letters were written by the soldier to his wife.
4. masculine noun Being.
Etymology: From Latin essere.
~ homã
[ˈesəɾe oˈma]
1. masculine noun Human being, Man (in general).
~ per
[ˈesəɾe peɾ]
1. periphrastic verb It expresses a near future or something about to happen. It is followed by an infinitive. Example: S’eh per pluggăre, it’s about to rain.
per
[peɾ]
1. preposition To (marker of the indirect object of a sentence). Example: J’heh tendat dou per tu, I have bought this to you.
2. preposition For, to, in order to (purpose). Example: Nos façèms dou per consegre ũ mond meixor, we do this in order to achieve a better world.
3. preposition It expresses the use of something. Example: Das oclellas sen per ou sol, these are sunglasses.
4. preposition In, on (expressions of time). Example: Per ou stïu nos hawarèms ũ bebe, we are expecting a baby in summer.
5. preposition To, towards (spatial destination), until (temporal destination). Example: Dou train parte per Franza, this train travels to France.
Etymology: From Latin per.
per-
[peɾ]
1. derivative prefix It is used with an augmentative or intensive meaning.
Etymology: From Latin per.
des
[des]
1. preposition From (starting point of a period of time, a journey, etc.). Example: Des ca a ma casa s’hast sol cent meters, from here to my house there are only one hundred metres.
Etymology: From Latin de ex.
de
[de]
1. preposition Of (possession or ownership). Example: Dou llïur eh de moul’amic, this book belongs to my friend.
2. preposition From (place of origin). Example: Jo sõ de Spanna, I’m from Spain.
3. preposition It expresses the manner something is done. Example: Nos façrèms-ou de da forma, we will do it this way.
4. preposition Of (material). Example: Oul’aneu eh d’aur, the ring is made of gold.
5. preposition At (for certain temporal moments). Example: De noix tots ous gats sen pards, at night all cats are brown.
6. preposition It expresses a quality. Example: T’has ũ cor de ljõ, you are lion-hearted.
7. preposition From (starting point of a period of time, a journey, etc.), synonym of des. Example: De Madrid a Barcelona s’hast pluix de seixcents cilometers, from Madrid to Barcelona there are more than six hundred kilometres.
8. preposition It expresses the use of something, synonym of per (3). Example: Dona-mi as botas de scijăre, pass me the ski boots.
Spelling: Before words beginning with a vowel or h-, it turns into d’, with word ligature (both words are written together without intermediate spaces). Before the definite article determiner, see dou (3).
Etymology: From Latin de.